Synopsis Edit. A secret order of Daleks emerge and the Cybermen from Pete's World make their way to Torchwood Tower. As the two deadly forces fight over Earth, the. An astronaut is transformed into a murderous gelatinous mass after returning from an ill-fated space voyage. Directed by Victor Salva. With Eric Roberts, Lance Henriksen, Brion James, Frank Novak. Two men, both hiding a deadly secret, are on a murderous rampage through the. This is the Order of Louise Penny Books in both chronological order and publication order. List verified daily and newest books added immediately.Feminism - Wikipedia. Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal, and social rights for women. Feminists have also worked to promote bodily autonomy and integrity, and to protect women and girls from rape, sexual harassment, and domestic violence. Some forms of feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white, middle class, and college- educated perspectives. This criticism led to the creation of ethnically specific or multicultural forms of feminism, including black feminism and intersectional feminism. Most western feminist historians contend that all movements working to obtain women's rights should be considered feminist movements, even when they did not (or do not) apply the term to themselves. Those historians use the label . The first wave comprised women's suffrage movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, promoting women's right to vote. The second wave was associated with the ideas and actions of the women's liberation movement beginning in the 1. The second wave campaigned for legal and social equality for women. The third wave is a continuation of, and a reaction to, the perceived failures of second- wave feminism, which began in the 1. She made easier access to contraceptive pills and legalized abortion (1. First- wave feminism was a period of activity during the 1. In the UK and US, it focused on the promotion of equal contract, marriage, parenting, and property rights for women. By the end of the 1. UK Custody of Infants Act 1. Tender years doctrine for child custody arrangement and gave woman the right of custody of their children for the first time. For example, Victoria passed legislation in 1. New South Wales in 1. Australian colonies passed similar legislation between 1. Therefore, with the turn of the 1. This was followed by Australia granting female suffrage in 1. In 1. 92. 8 this was extended to all women over 2. Anthony, who each campaigned for the abolition of slavery prior to championing women's right to vote. These women were influenced by the Quaker theology of spiritual equality, which asserts that men and women are equal under God. The term first wave was coined retroactively to categorize these western movements after the term second- wave feminism began to be used to describe a newer feminist movement that focused on fighting social and cultural inequalities, as well political inequalities. In 1. 89. 9, Qasim Amin, considered the . The Consultative Assembly of Algiers of 1. March 1. 94. 4 to grant eligibility to women but following an amendment by Fernand Grenier, they were given full citizenship, including the right to vote. Grenier's proposition was adopted 5. In May 1. 94. 7, following the November 1. Robert Verdier minimized the . During the baby boom period, feminism waned in importance. Wars (both World War I and World War II) had seen the provisional emancipation of some women, but post- war periods signalled the return to conservative roles. Feminists in these countries continued to fight for voting rights. In Switzerland, women gained the right to vote in federal elections in 1. Three prior referendums held in 1. Although by the 2. UK and the US, in many continental European countries married women still had very few rights. For instance, in France married women did not receive the right to work without their husband's permission until 1. Second- wave feminism is a feminist movement beginning in the early 1. Second- wave feminism is largely concerned with issues of equality beyond suffrage, such as ending gender discrimination. The feminist activist and author Carol Hanisch coined the slogan . The book proved highly successful, almost becoming a bible for feminists and a spur for political activists. The book's success also meant that Friedan could lecture her views while she was on tour in 1. Within ten years, after Friedan's successful publishing, women made up more than half of the total percentage in the First World workforce. In the early 1. 99. USA, third- wave feminism began as a response to perceived failures of the second wave and to the backlash against initiatives and movements created by the second wave. Third- wave feminism distinguished itself from the second wave around issues of sexuality, challenging female heterosexuality and celebrating sexuality as a means of female empowerment. Third- wave feminists often focus on . This perspective argues that research and theory treats women and the feminist movement as insignificant and refuses to see traditional science as unbiased. While not being . The term was first used to describe a backlash against second- wave feminism, but it is now a label for a wide range of theories that take critical approaches to previous feminist discourses and includes challenges to the second wave's ideas. It encompasses work in a variety of disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, economics, women's studies, literary criticism. While providing a critique of these social and political relations, much of feminist theory also focuses on the promotion of women's rights and interests. Themes explored in feminist theory include discrimination, stereotyping, objectification (especially sexual objectification), oppression, and patriarchy. The first she calls . The second Showalter calls . The last phase she calls . However, as the scholar Elizabeth Wright points out, . Liberal feminism seeks individualistic equality of men and women through political and legal reform without altering the structure of society. Catherine Rottenberg has argued that the neoliberal shirt in Liberal feminism has led to that form of feminism being individualized rather than collectivized and becoming detached from social inequality. Libertarian feminism conceives of people as self- owners and therefore as entitled to freedom from coercive interference. Lesbian feminism is thus closely related. Other feminists criticize separatist feminism as sexist. Since that time, women in developing nations and former colonies and who are of colour or various ethnicities or living in poverty have proposed additional feminisms. Despite the popular belief in equal rights, 5. However, only 5. 5% of women agreed that they have . They were followed by women in Italy (3. Argentina (2. 9%). Those in the middle of the ranking were from Great Britain (2. Spain (2. 2%), United States (2. Australia (1. 8%), Belgium (1. France (1. 8%), Canada (1. Poland (1. 7%), and Hungary (1. Women least likely to agree very much were from Japan (8%), Germany (7%) and South Korea (7%). They were followed by those from Sweden (1. Spain (1. 6%), the United States (1. Canada (1. 5%), Great Britain (1. Hungary (1. 2%), Belgium (1. Australia (1. 0%). Men least likely to identify this way were from South Korea (7%), Germany (3%) and Japan (3%). In South Korea, there was no difference between men and women (7%) on this measure. Feminist attitudes to female sexuality have taken a few different directions. Matters such as the sex industry, sexual representation in the media, and issues regarding consent to sex under conditions of male dominance have been particularly controversial among feminists. This debate has culminated in the late 1. Over the course of the 1. Feminists critical of the sex industry generally see it as the exploitative result of patriarchal social structures which reinforce sexual and cultural attitudes complicit in rape and sexual harassment. Alternately, feminists who support at least part of the sex industry argue that it can be a medium of feminist expression and a means for women to take control of their sexuality. Feminist views of pornography range from condemnation of pornography as a form of violence against women, to an embracing of some forms of pornography as a medium of feminist expression. Feminists such as Catharine Mac. Kinnon argue that women have very little control over their own bodies, with female sexuality being largely controlled and defined by men in patriarchal societies. Feminists argue that sexual violence committed by men is often rooted in ideologies of male sexual entitlement, and that these systems grant women very few legitimate options to refuse sexual advances. Feminists argue that all cultures are, in one way or another, dominated by ideologies that largely deny women the right to decide how to express their sexuality, because men under patriarchy feel entitled to define sex on their own terms. This entitlement can take different forms, depending on the culture. In many parts of the world, especially in conservative and religious cultures, marriage is regarded as an institution which requires a wife to be sexually available at all times, virtually without limit; thus, forcing or coercing sex on a wife is not considered a crime or even an abusive behaviour. This is played out in the sexual objectification of women, with pornography and other forms of sexual entertainment creating the fantasy that all women exist solely for men's sexual pleasure, and that women are readily available and desiring to engage in sex at any time, with any man, on a man's terms. Thus, they seek to obtain knowledge through the examination of the experiences of women, and to . As women earned doctorates in psychology, females and their issues were introduced as legitimate topics of study. Feminist psychology emphasizes social context, lived experience, and qualitative analysis. Piyush Mathur coined the term . Claiming that . These businesses flourished as part of the second and third- waves of feminism in the 1. We are trying to change the future: to get girls and boys to realize that women's art is not an exception—it's a normal part of art history. It also prompted a general reevaluation of women's historical and academic contributions in response to the belief that women's lives and contributions have been underrepresented as areas of scholarly interest. Studies like Dale Spender's Mothers of the Novel (1.
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